IOR-mandagsnytt 5.september 2022

• Hillion, Christophe; Pavone, Tommaso & Scherz, Antoinette (2026). Democratic frontsliding in the European Union: the problem of autocratic enclaves and the case for restorative disobedience. Journal of European Public Policy. ISSN 1350-1763. doi: 10.1080/13501763.2026.2655936. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sen, Ilker G?khan (2026). OAR@UM: Comparing decolonisation referendums in US and French Overseas Territories. Small States & Territories Journal (SST). 9(1), s. 71¨C86. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This article examines the legal design and practice of decolonisation referendums in the overseas territories of the United States (US) and France. It highlights the tension between international law, which since the 1960s has favoured self-determination and independence, and the constitutional frameworks of administering states that tend to preserve the colonial status quo. The analysis compares two contrasting models: France, a unitary republic emphasising territorial indivisibility, and the US, a federal republic. The comparison focuses on recent referendums in New Caledonia and Puerto Rico, and prospective votes in Guam and the US Virgin Islands. Four recurring challenges structure the comparison: who has authority to initiate referendums; how voter eligibility is defined to balance self-determination with equal suffrage; how questions are framed to ensure clarity; and how campaign conditions affect the integrity of the vote. The article argues that weaknesses in these areas have entrenched a condition of colonial limbo. It concludes that reasserting international law¡¯s primacy in guiding decolonisation is essential to move beyond this impasse.

• Sand, Inger Johanne (2026). Demokratiske dilemma: mellom nasjonal selvbestemmelse og inter- og overnasjonalt ÀºÇò¼´Ê±±È·Ö_nba±È·ÖÖ±²¥-²Ê¿ÍÍøÖصãÍƼö. I Rasmussen, Terje; Heldal, Janicke & Bj?rkdahl, Kristian (Red.), Forestillinger om demokrati. En norsk topografi.. Scandinavian University Press (SCUP). ISSN 9788215075464. s. 57¨C78. doi: 10.18261/9788215075464-26-03. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  I Norge er de grunnleggende reglene for den demokratiske styreformen gitt ved lovteksten i Grunnloven og i statsmaktenes og sivilsamfunnets praktisering av reglene og de verdiene de st?r for. Nasjonalstatene har v?rt tenkt som tilstrekkelige enheter for en demokratisk styringsform og med suverenitet til ? fastsette normene for demokrati. I v?r tid har det inter- og overnasjonale ÀºÇò¼´Ê±±È·Ö_nba±È·ÖÖ±²¥-²Ê¿ÍÍøÖصãÍƼöet i faktiske, politiske og rettslige former f?tt konsekvenser som griper dypt inn i statenes interne demokratiske prosesser og overskrider det formelle og mellomstatlige ÀºÇò¼´Ê±±È·Ö_nba±È·ÖÖ±²¥-²Ê¿ÍÍøÖصãÍƼöet. Det har blitt n?dvendig ? forst? hvordan det internasjonale ÀºÇò¼´Ê±±È·Ö_nba±È·ÖÖ±²¥-²Ê¿ÍÍøÖصãÍƼöet, og det transnasjonale, p?virker de internstatlige demokratiske prosesser, og om det internasjonale ÀºÇò¼´Ê±±È·Ö_nba±È·ÖÖ±²¥-²Ê¿ÍÍøÖصãÍƼöet kan ivareta demokratiske verdier. Kravene til demokratiske prosesser p? ulike styringsniv? kan komme i konflikt med hverandre. For Norges del er E?S-avtalen en av de mest omfattende og inngripende internasjonale forpliktelsene. Denne artikkelen sammenligner og analyserer hvordan to utredninger fra regjeringsoppnevnte utvalg ¨C NOU 2012: 2 og NOU 2024: 7 ¨C formulerer og behandler de grunnleggende dilemma knyttet til E?S-avtalens konsekvenser for Norge, s?rlig med hensyn til ivaretakelsen av en demokratisk styringsform. Begge utredningene er ?pne om at det er demokratiske dilemma og konflikter mellom realiseringen av en nasjonal demokratisk styringsform p? den ene siden og omfattende internasjonale forpliktelser p? den andre. Artikkelens form?l er ? analysere hvordan s? grunnleggende demokratiske dilemma formuleres og diskuteres.

• F?llesdal, Andreas (2026). The European Court of Human Rights against Authoritarian Populism: Why? And How? European Convention on Human Rights Law Review. ISSN 2666-3228. 7(1-2). doi: 10.1163/26663236-bja10146. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• F?llesdal, Andreas; Petrov, Jan & Zysset, Alain Fabio (2026). The European Court of Human Rights Versus Illiberal and Authoritarian Practices: Challenges and Responses. European Convention on Human Rights Law Review (ECLR). ISSN 2666-3228. 6(1), s. 1¨C8. doi: 10.1163/26663236-bja10152. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Can the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR or the Court) fulfil its function effectively in the face of rising illiberalism and authoritarianism? Ongoing democratic backsliding, a tide of authoritarian populism, and the spread of illiberal practices in Europe, in many places exacerbated by the Covid-19 pandemic, have given rise to a growing sense of urgency.

• S?tervadet, Torkell (2026). Praktiseres luftfartslovens nasjonalitetskrav E?S-konformt? MarIus. ISSN 0332-7868. 2026(594), s. 6¨C37. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Luftfartsloven stiller krav til luftfart?yers nasjonalitet for adgang til luftfart i Norge. Denne artikkelen unders?ker om nasjonalitetskravet praktiseres p? en m?te som er forenlig med reglene om diskriminerings- og restriksjonsforbud i E?S-avtalens hoveddel og med EU-rettslig luftfartslovgivning innlemmet i E?S-avtalens vedlegg. Oppmerksomheten er rettet mot kommersiell luftfart omfattet av forordning (EF) nr. 1008/2008 (lufttransportforordningen). Rettsakten er gjennomf?rt i den norske lufttransportforskriften med supplerende s?rbestemmelser, som blant annet begrenser hvor lenge et norsk luftfartsselskap kan leie inn et luftfart?y registrert i en annen E?S-stat. Begrensningen kan gi konkurransemessige skjevheter og hindre fri bevegelighet av tjenester. Studien avdekker holdepunkter for at den norske forskriften etter sin ordlyd er uforenlig med lufttransportforordningen. Videre indikerer unders?kelsen at forvaltningen ikke har gitt E?S-retten tilstrekkelig gjennomslag i praksis.

• Robberstad, Anne (2026). Anmeldelse: <i>50 ?r i frontlinjen for kvinners rettigheter</i> , festskrift for Juridisk r?dgivning for kvinner (JURK) Gyldendal2025Redigert avAnneHellum, Andrea VigeGr?nnings?ter, Mira SofieStokkeog Fr?ydisPaturssonAnmeldelse: <i>50 ?r i frontlinjen for kvinners rettigheter</i> , festskrift for Juridisk r?dgivning for kvinner (JURK). Kritisk juss. ISSN 0804-7375. 52(1), s. 56¨C65. doi: 10.18261/kj.52.1.4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Skretting, Nils Gunnar (2026). Lov om ansvar for handlinger som p?tales ved Riksrett [ansvarlighetsloven] med kommentarer. Karnov lovkommentarer. doi: https:/lovdata.no/pro/#document%2FNL%2Flov%2F1932-02-05-1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kj?lstad, Marius M. (2026). Hans Kelsen ¨C en kompromissl?s demokrat. I Kj?lstad, Marius M. (Red.), Om demokratiets vesen og verdi. Dreyer Forlag A/S. ISSN 9788282658317. s. 7¨C65. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Vallevik, Vibeke Binz; Befring, Anne Kjersti; Elvatun, Severin & Nyg?rd, Jan Franz (2026). Processing of synthetic data in AI development for healthcare and the definition of personal data in EU law. International Journal of Law and Information Technology. ISSN 0967-0769. 34. doi: 10.1093/ijlit/eaag002. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform healthcare, but this requires access to health data. Synthetic data generated through training machine learning models on real data offers a way to balance innovation and privacy protection. However, uncertainties in the practical classification of synthetic health data under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) currently limits the possible benefits of synthetic data. Through a systematic analysis of relevant legal sources and an empirical study, this article explores whether synthetic data should be classified as personal data under the GDPR. The study investigates the residual identification risk through generating synthetic data and simulating inference attacks, challenging common perceptions of technical identification risk. The risk of identification depends on several factors. The findings suggest synthetic data are often likely anonymous since results of an attack cannot easily be verified. The legal analysis highlights uncertainties about what constitutes a ¡®reasonably likely¡¯ risk and a need to further investigate a threshold for accepted risk. To promote innovation, the study calls for clearer regulations to balance privacy protection with the advancement of AI in healthcare.

• Robberstad, Anne (2026). Diskrimineringsnemnda synser om pridemarkering i Drammen - Rett24. Rett24. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Diskrimineringsretten er kronglete, noe som er egnet til ? tilsl?re at resultatet ofte f?lger av ren synsing.

• Hjort, Maria Astrup (2026). Abstrakte s?ksm?l og domstolens funksjoner. Jussens Venner. ISSN 0022-6971. 60(5-6), s. 290¨C304. doi: 10.18261/jv.60.5-6.10. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Artikkelen dr?fter fenomenet abstrakte s?ksm?l, herunder hva fenomenet inneb?rer, grensen mot konkrete s?ksm?l og i hvilken grad domstolen tillater abstrakte s?ksm?l behandlet. Fenomenet har gitt opphav til en rekke rettsavgj?relser, og artikkelen viser hvordan H?yesterett de siste ?rene har endret kurs mot en mer liberal tolkning av tvisteloven ¡ì 1-3. Artikkelen kobler denne trenden til en overordnet diskusjon om domstolens funksjoner.

• Shannon, Samuel (2026). The EU¡¯s 1787 Moment: When Constitutional Order Blocks Necessary Change. Verfassungsblog. ISSN 2366-7044. doi: 10.17176/20260102-172135-0. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ellingsen, Hilde Kristin (2025). State liability for judicial breaches under the EEA Agreement: The K?bler doctrine in EEA law. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law (MJ). ISSN 1023-263X. 32(2), s. 192¨C212. doi: 10.1177/1023263X251341687. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This article delves into the principle of State liability for judicial breaches under the EEA Agreement. The European Court of Justice (ECJ) has established that Member States can be held liable for violations of EU law by their courts of last instance. The article examines the differences between the EU and EEA legal orders and explores how these differences may influence the application of the State liability doctrine in EEA law. It argues that the level of effective judicial protection in the EFTA pillar of the EEA Agreement should be on par with that in the EU, and therefore State liability for judicial breaches should be recognized in EEA law. Such liability also serves as a preventive tool, providing an incentive for domestic judges to uphold their European mandate and adhere to the principle of sincere cooperation.

• G¨¢sp¨¢r-Szil¨¢gyi, Szil¨¢rd & Ianovici, Vasile (2025). National E-Systems for Combating VAT Evasion and Intra-EU Trade. Hungary¡¯s ¡®EAKER¡¯ and Romania¡¯s ¡®RO e-Transport¡¯. European Papers (EP). 10(1), s. 55¨C96. doi: 10.15166/2499-8249/825. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The purpose of this paper is to critically look at two recent E-Systems ¨C one introduced in Hungary (EKAER and more recently BIREG) and the other in Romania (RO e-Transport) ¨C that apply or have until recently applied, among others, to the intra-EU transportation of goods to and from the countries in question. These E-Systems are meant to combat Value Added Tax (VAT) evasion. Whilst they pursue a worthy public goal, on a closer look they pose significant legal and practical challenges. From a legal perspective, these E-Systems and the compliance checks at the border that arise from their implementation amount to measures having an equivalent effect to quantitative restrictions, prohibited under Article 34 TFEU. Furthermore, they contravene secondary EU legislation, such as Regulation 1100/2008 on the prohibition of internal frontier checks, and the VAT Directive and its implementing regulations. The E-Systems also pose numerous practical challenges, such as increased direct and indirect costs for businesses and frequent technical problems. Furthermore, the introduction of national E-Systems increases the administrative burden that the transportation of goods entails and risks further fragmenting the Internal Market. Besides Romania and Bulgaria¡¯s impending full accession to the Schengen Area and the need to increase awareness around EU law, a possible solution could be to set up an EU-wide E-System, managed by public authorities, for combating VAT evasion for the intra-EU transport of goods. Furthermore, instead of systematic border checks, compliance checks should be carried out in a country¡¯s interior, using a multi-filter approach and cross-checks.

• John, Taylor St & Roberts, Anthea (2025). Recasting UNCITRAL Working Group III. Journal of international economic law. ISSN 1369-3034. s. 1¨C18. doi: 10.1093/jiel/jgaf037. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Abstract Who participates in international economic lawmaking, and who should participate? What roles are appropriate for private industry or private legal practitioners, or for academics or civil society, and what roles are reserved for states? The composition of international economic lawmaking bodies is often relatively fluid, not fixed as it appears from the outside. There are both natural fluctuations and orchestrated shifts in participation¡ªstates and other actors can strategically shape who participates, and this fluidity means questions about participation emerge regularly. We examine how these questions played out in one international economic lawmaking body¡ªthe United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Working Group III¡ªas it transformed between 2017 and 2020. During these years, reform-minded states and others recast the Working Group by pushing private arbitral practitioners out and pulling state officials in. We use large-N attendance data, ethnographic observation, and interviews with participants to illustrate the decision to recast, the new cast of officials, and the various responses to recasting from the old cast of practitioners. We document how the physical presence of practitioners changed, then chronicle how arbitral experience changed in value, and how practitioners¡¯ views on their role diverged.

• Strand, Vibeke Blaker (2025). The Burden of Proof Rule Under EU Non-discrimination Law and Algorithmic Discrimination: Addressing Challenges and Possibilities. Ljubljana Law Review. 85(1), s. 182¨C182. doi: 10.51940/2025.1.165-182. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence, present significant challenges to discrimination law, particularly regarding effective enforcement. This article highlights the evidentiary difficulties in proving algorithmic discrimination and examines the rule on the burden of proof under EU non-discrimination law in this context. It discusses challenges and possibilities relating to the role of the burden of proof rule in enhancing the principle of equality and non-discrimination, particularly in relation to algorithmic discrimination. A key obstacle is the lack of transparency, a problem not unique to al-gorithmic discrimination but also a well-known challenge in the field of pay discrimina-tion. The article argues that valuable insights can be drawn from how the burden of proof rule has been developed and concretised under EU law on the right to equal pay between women and men, with particular attention to the 2023 Pay Transparency Directive.

Se alle arbeider i NVA

• Boe, Erik Magnus (2026). Hva skjer n?r offentlig forvaltnings svikter? Universitetsforlaget. ISBN 9788215075662. 177 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kelsen, Hans & Kj?lstad, Marius M. (2026). Om demokratiets vesen og verdi. Dreyer Forlag A/S. ISBN 9788282658317. 227 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Karlsen, Theodor (2026). Tingsrett ¨C en innf?ring. Fagbokforlaget. ISBN 9788245060416. 312 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Boken tar for seg sentrale temaer i statisk tingsrett, begrenset til sp?rsm?l om fast eiendom, og legger stor vekt p? ? forklare sammenhengene i faget. Hovedtemaene er eiendomsrettens n?rmere innhold og grenser, strandretten, sameie, servitutter, naborett, hevd og allemannsretten. Flere av disse temaene er enten regulert i ulovfestet rett eller bygger p? knappe lovtekster. Fremstillingen fremhever de viktigste rettskildene og hensynene man m? ha oversikt over for ? kunne anvende reglene i praksis, og gir leseren illustrasjoner der disse forenkler. Enkelte problemstillinger som er s?rlig relevante, er mer inng?ende dr?ftet. Boken gj?r leseren godt rustet til ? m?te problemstillingene den statiske tingsretten byr p?. Denne andre utgaven bygger videre p? f?rsteutgaven med tittelen Tingsrett f?r eksamen.

• Kjelland, Morten & Kjelland, Jana (2026). Husbankloven lovkommentar. Universitetsforlaget. 47 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

Se alle arbeider i NVA

• Hillion, Christophe (24). Leading by example? Strengthening the fundamentals of membership within the EU and in accession countries. doi: https:/www.stiftung-genshagen.de/en/publikationen/enlarging-the-union-consolidating-democracy-which-role-for-the-weimar-triangle/. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ikdahl, Ingunn (2026). Begrepet om kritikk - kommentar. doi: https:/www.uio.no/om/aktuelt/universitetsplassen/domus-bibliotheca/arrangementer/2026/eos-sentrum-kritisk-juss. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ikdahl, Ingunn (2026). Trygderett og metode. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Trygsland, Sindre & Johansen, Stian ?by (2026). Vant mot Facebook og Youtube. [Journal]. Aftenposten Junior. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  En kvinne sa hun ble avhengig av sosiale medier som barn. N? f?r hun flere millioner i erstatning.

• Michalsen, Dag (2026). What is a Law Faculty? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Michalsen, Dag (2026). What is contextual legal science ? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Michalsen, Dag (2026). The German Constitution of Weimar 1919-1933-2026. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johansen, Stian ?by (2026). Straff og europarett. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Foredrag for Riksadvokatembetet og statsadvokatembetene om europarettens betydning i strafferetten, b?de n?r det gjelder materiell strafferett og straffeprosess.

• Syse, Aslak (2026). Et nytt kapittel i historien om fedrefeller i foreldrepengeordningen. Tidsskrift for familierett, arverett og barnevernrettslige sp?rsm?l. ISSN 1503-2965. 24(1), s. 3¨C7. doi: 10.18261/fab.24.1.1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Syse, Aslak (2026). St?re-regjeringen med st?ttepartier vel gjennom sitt f?rste statsbudsjett? Tidsskrift for familierett, arverett og barnevernrettslige sp?rsm?l. ISSN 1503-2965. 24(1), s. 8¨C55. doi: 10.18261/fab.24.1.2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  I artikkelen gj?res rede for ? som i tidligere ?r ? det vedtatte statsbudsjettet for 2026p? rettsomr?dene til FAB. Dette er det f?rste statsbudsjettet fra St?re-regjeringenetter valget i 2025, og med Jens Stoltenberg som finansminister. Budsjettet bleendret p? enkelte viktige omr?der ved budsjettforliket med de fire andre partiene,som sammen med Arbeiderpartiet utgj?r regjeringens parlamentariske grunnlag. Like fullt mener kritiske r?ster at det vedtatte budsjettet p? ulike omr?der ikkeim?tekommer de ?konomiske utfordringene som de fleste kommuner og mangehusholdninger opplever i tider med ?kte str?mpriser, h?y rente og pris?kninger p?mange n?dvendighetsvarer. Den p?g?ende krigen i Ukraina har f?tt virkninger hertil lands, blant annet i form av et ?kende antall flyktninger, ettersp?rsel etter energii Europa ¨C med betydning for str?mprisene her til lands mv. Media viser bilder avk?er der gratis mat deles ut. De r?dgr?nne partiene sliter p? meningsm?lingene. Fokus i presentasjonen er som vanlig p? vedtatte endringer i lover og st?nads-satser. Det gis en presentasjon av ikraftsatte lover per 1. januar 2026, vedtatteikke-ikraftsatte lover og et utvalg av lovforberedende dokumenter fra regjerin-gen, samt framlagte NOU-er i l?pet av 2025. For lesere som ikke ?nsker en oversikt, men kun kjennskap til konkrete vedtakeller s?rskilte rettsomr?der, er det utarbeidet en detaljert innholdsfortegnelse.

• Kippersund, Armann; Lavik, Maria; Bratberg, Une; Sunde, Harald; Hellestveit, Cecilie & Johansen, Stian ?by (2026). Tidligere forsvarssjef om Trump-utspill: ¨C En trussel om folkemord. [Journal]. V?rt land. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  IRAN-KRIGEN: Timer f?r v?penhvilen truet Donald Trump med at en hel sivilisasjon vil d?. Eksperter er uenige om dette er en oppfordring til folkemord.

• Johansen, Stian ?by (2026). Ryktet om min d?d er betydelig overdrevet. doi: https:/youtu.be/0BRB7PXxq6Y?t=1199. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Folkeretten er ikke d?d ¨C og ryktet om dens d?d er betydelig overdrevet.

• Hansen, Sigrid Agnethe & Johansen, Stian ?by (2026). Hjelpar i n?d: Hellas skuldar Tommy Olsen fr? Troms? for menneskesmugling. [Internet]. NRK.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Tommy Olsen driv med menneskesmugling og spionasje, seier greske styresmakter, som vil ha han utlevert. Sj?lv har han eit h?p om ? bli i Troms?.

• Kj?lstad, Marius M. (2026). ? legge spr?ket ?de. Anmeldelse av Nils Gilje: "Hitlers filosofer". Klassekampens Bokmagasin. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kj?lstad, Marius M. (2026). Some Reflections on Ways to teach Law and Literature. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kj?lstad, Marius M. (2026). ¨C Flertallet har rett. [Radio]. NRK. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• S?tervadet, Torkell (2026). EU-lovgivning eller traktatregler om diskriminerings- og restriksjonsforbud? doi: https:/www.jus.uio.no/forskning/prosjekter/eurnor/arrangementer/2026/eurnor-frokost-25.03.26.html. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Trygdeskandalen illustrerer at de l?rde ofte strides om hvorvidt et bestemt rettssp?rsm?l m? finne sin l?sning i EU-forordninger og -direktiver eller i reglene om likebehandling og fri bevegelighet i E?S-avtalens hoveddel. Finnes det m?ter ? analysere problemstillingen p? som reduserer graden av tvil? Stipendiat Torkell S?tervadet har nylig publisert en artikkel i Tidsskrift for Rettsvitenskap som unders?ker om statenes plikter i relasjon til et bestemt rettssp?rsm?l f?lger av diskriminerings- og restriksjonsforbudene i E?S-avtalens hoveddel, E?S-innlemmet EU-lovgivning, eller begge deler. I denne fagfrokosten presenterer han hovedfunnene i artikkelen. Unders?kelsen tar utgangspunkt i homogenitetsm?lsettingen i E?S og de EU-rettslige prinsippene om kompetansefortrengning og EU-rettens forrang. Betydningen av valgt reguleringsteknikk ¨C eksempelvis harmoniseringsvariant ¨C blir s?rlig analysert.

• Schwemer, Sebastian Felix; Weitzenboeck, Emily Mary; Esayas, Samson Yoseph; Hjort, Live Sunniva; Langford, Malcolm & Schmidt, Rebecca [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). The Oslo Submission on the Digital Omnibus and the Digital Fitness Check. doi: https:/ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/14855-Simplification-digital-package-and-omnibus/F33380548_en. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ericson, Ingvild & Johansen, Stian ?by (2026). Lovforslaget om aldersgrenser og alderskontroll i sosiale medier ¨C en E?S-rettslig umulighet og i strid med ytringsfriheten? doi: https:/nfje.no/?tribe_events=lovforslaget-om-aldersgrenser-og-alderskontroll-i-sosiale-medier-en-eos-rettslig-umulighet-og-i-strid-med-ytringsfriheten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Barne- og familiedepartementet og Digitaliserings- og forvaltningsdepartementet sendte i fjor sommer p? h?ring et forslag til lov om aldersgrense for bruk av sosiale medier. Hovedgrepet i lovforslaget er at det innf?res en aldersgrense p? 15 ?r for bruk av ¡°sosiale medier¡±, og at tilbyderne av ¡°sosiale medier¡± plikter ? gjennomf?re alderskontroll. Loven definerer ogs? ¡°sosiale medier¡± bredt, slik at loven rammer alle internettjenester som lar brukerne opprette en profil og knytte kontakt med andre brukere, samt gj?r det mulig ? laste opp og publisere innhold uten redaksjonell kontroll. Den 23. mars 2026 inviterer NFJE til medlemsm?te om lovforslaget, der Ingvild Schi?ll Ericson og Stian ?by Johansen vil innlede om de E?S-rettslige problemstillingene lovforslaget reiser og forslagets forhold til ytringsfriheten.

• Michalsen, Dag (2026). Ibsen, rett og aktualitet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Hva slags rett finnes i Ibsens skuespill?

• S?tervadet, Torkell (2026). E?S-rettslig metode, spr?kversjoner og helikopterlanding p? hustak. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Et frifinnende mindretall best?ende av meddommere i H?logaland lagmannsrett frifant en helikopterflyger for uaktsom flyging i henhold til E?S-rettslige lufttrafikkregler etter at flygeren hadde landet p? eget hustak. P?talemyndigheten har anket frifinnelsen, ankeutvalget har tillatt anket fremmet, men saken er utsatt fordi det E?S-rettslige sp?rsm?let vil bli forelagt EFTA-domstolen. Saken gir potensielt et nytt eksempel p? utfordringer som kan oppst? dersom man benytter norsk juridisk metode p? E?S-rettslige kilder og hvis man overser behovet for ? unders?ke flere spr?kversjoner enn den norske og engelske. Torkell S?tervadet redegj?r for de underliggende E?S-rettslige sp?rsm?lene som saken reiser og hva man kan l?re av dem i rettsanvendelsen for ?vrig. S?tervadet har nylig levert doktoravhandlingen ?Trygdeskandalen og potensialet for rettsanvendelsesfeil p? E?S-rettens omr?de? og er n? gjennomf?ringsstipendiat ved Institutt for offentlig rett ved UiO. S?tervadet er ogs? r?dgiver for Norges Luftsportforbund.

• S?tervadet, Torkell & Mathisen, Gjermund (2026). Prim?rretten, sekund?rretten eller begge deler? doi: https:/europarett.no/2026/03/02/primaerretten-sekundaerretten-eller-begge-deler/. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  EU-reglene om de fire friheter var lenge dominert av de traktatregulerte forbudene mot diskriminering og restriksjoner. Slik var det ogs? da E?S-avtalen ble inng?tt. Etter dette har utviklingen i EU- og E?S-retten imidlertid g?tt i retning av en stadig mer omfattende regulering i sekund?rrettsakter (direktiver og forordninger). Noe av dette er sektorovergripende regulering, slik som arbeidstakerforordningen, tjenestedirektivet, unionsborgerdirektivet, og forordningen om gjensidig anerkjennelse av varer. Andre direktiver og forordninger er mer partikul?re, for eksempel ved at de harmoniserer krav til bestemte varer og tjenester, eller ved at de etablerer ordninger for gjensidig anerkjennelse. Som f?lge av denne utviklingen er sp?rsm?let om hvilke E?S-regler som kommer til anvendelse p? et saksforhold b?de praktisk viktig og ofte vanskelig. Skal for eksempel det aktuelle statlige tiltaket vurderes i lys av diskriminerings- og restriksjonsforbudene i E?S-avtalens hoveddel, sekund?rrettsakter tatt inn i E?S-avtalens vedlegg, eller kanskje begge deler? Norsk forening for europarett inviterer til ?pent seminar om dette temaet tirsdag 17. mars kl. 14:30 til ca. 16:00. Under seminaret vil Torkell S?tervadet, stipendiat ved Institutt for offentlig rett (UiO), dr?fte disse sp?rsm?lene med utgangspunkt i en artikkel han nylig publiserte i Tidsskrift for Rettsvitenskap. Deretter vil Gjermund Mathisen, partner i Kvale Advokatfirma, kommentere innlegget, f?r det ?pnes for en allmenn diskusjon.

• Michalsen, Dag (2026). Kommentar til Nils Gilje's Hitlers filosofer. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sunde, J?rn ?yrehagen (2026). Sj? og bli sett. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sunde, J?rn ?yrehagen (2026). Oslo i mellomalderen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sunde, J?rn ?yrehagen (2026). Har eg rettstryggleik. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sunde, J?rn ?yrehagen (2026). Min hage. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sunde, J?rn ?yrehagen (2026). Communication technology and legal change. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sunde, J?rn ?yrehagen (2026). Forsvarstale for eit vondt menneske. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sunde, J?rn ?yrehagen (2026). Kommunikasjonsteknologi og utvikling av domsskriving. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sunde, J?rn ?yrehagen (2026). Tilgang til domstolane - Problem og l?ysingar. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sunde, J?rn ?yrehagen (2026). Den klassedelte rettsstaten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sunde, J?rn ?yrehagen (2026). Den klassedelte rettsstaten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sunde, J?rn ?yrehagen (2026). Menneskerettanes historie, rettsstat og demokrati. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sunde, J?rn ?yrehagen (2026). Den klassedelte rettsstaten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sunde, J?rn ?yrehagen (2026). Forsvarstale for eit vondt menneske. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sunde, J?rn ?yrehagen (2026). Bokprat: J?rn ?yrehagen Sunde om Forsvarstale for eit vondt menneske. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lindqvist, Helene; Larsen, Kjetil Mujezinovic; Strand, Vibeke Blaker & Houge, Anette Bringedal (2026). Hvorfor straffes ikke hatprat rettet mot kvinner? [Internet]. ÀºÇò¼´Ê±±È·Ö_nba±È·ÖÖ±²¥-²Ê¿ÍÍøÖصãÍƼösnytt, UiO. doi: https:/www.uio.no/forskning/forskningsnytt/artikler/2026/hatprat-mot-kvinner.html. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Heivoll, Geir (2026). Ibsen og juristene. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Heivoll, Geir (2026). Generalfullmaktens forgjengere: noen trekk ved politiets hjemmelsgrunnlag 1814-1940. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Reiners, Nina (2026). THE QUIET POWER - THEY SAID SO. [Internet]. THEY SAID SO. doi: https:/theysaidso.org/nina-reiners-university-of-oslo-by-julian-ginzo/. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Why did I feel it was interesting to interview Nina? She is a distinguished political scientist and human rights scholar whose work bridges international relations, international law, and global advocacy. She is Professor of Human Rights and Social Sciences at the University of Oslo¡¯s Faculty of Law and Principal Investigator of an European Research Council-funded project on transnational advocacy and private law firms¡¯ roles in advancing rights.

• Reiners, Nina (2026). Thinking Big: Nina Reiners on Transnational Advocacy ¨C CEMES. doi: https:/cemes.ku.dk/research/geic/calendar/2026/thinking-big/. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Thinking big: might private advocacy be the future of global politics and law ¡ª and should we welcome, regulate, or contest its influence?

• S?tervadet, Torkell (2026). E?S i sentrum: Er norske bankers renteendringer ulovlige? doi: https:/www.uio.no/om/aktuelt/universitetsplassen/domus-bibliotheca/arrangementer/2026/eos-i-sentrum-renteendringer. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Finansklagenemnda har kommet frem til at banker har lovstridige vilk?r for renteendringer. Betyr dette at bankenes rente?kninger har v?rt ulovlige, og at forbrukerne kan kreve renter tilbakebetalt?

• Kj?lstad, Marius M. (2026). D?dsstraffens historie i Norge fra middelalderen til rundt 1900. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kj?lstad, Marius M. (2026). Kelsen og Norge. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Michalsen, Dag (2026). The Nordic Jurists and the League of Nations. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• F?llesdal, Andreas & Vollan, K?re (2026). Notes on Reforming Nepal¡¯s Electoral System. doi: https:/commons-nepal.com/notes-on-reforming-nepals-electoral-system/. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Time, Jon K?re & Reiners, Nina (2026). (+) Nobelinstituttet legger ned forskningsprogram: ¨C Mildt sagt d?rlig timing. [Journal]. Morgenbladet. doi: https:/www.morgenbladet.no/samfunn/nobelinstituttet-legger-ned-forskningsprogram-mildt-sagt-darlig-timing/10196561. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Forskere som har v?rt tilknyttet Nobelinstituttet, er kritiske, men direkt?r Kristian Berg Harpviken sier forskningen er like sentral som f?r og at nobelkomiteen n? f?r et bedre kunnskapstilfang.

• Johansen, Stian ?by (2026). Nyhetsmorgen: "Hva er immunitet?". [Radio]. NRK. doi: https:/radio.nrk.no/serie/nyhetsmorgen/sesong/202602/NPUB32002926#t=1h10m18s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  F?r ?kokrim etterforske Thorbj?rn Jagland? Hvis Europar?dets ministerkomit¨¦ opphever immuniteten hans i dag kan det v?re f?rste gang det har blitt gjort for en tidligere leder av en internasjonal organisasjon. Hva vil det si ? ha diplomatisk immunitet - det skal du straks f? vite // I dag skal Europar?det ta stilling til Jaglands immunitet , hvorfor er han fortsatt beskyttet mange ?r etter at han hadde toppjobben?

• Johansen, Stian ?by (2026). EURNOR-frokost: Presumsjonsprinsippet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Presumsjonsprinsippet p?legger norske rettsanvendere ? tolke norske bestemmelser i samsvar med folkeretten ?s? langt som det er mulig?. Dette norske tolkningsprinsippet bidrar til ? sikre at norske bestemmelser tolkes p? en m?te som er i tr?d med Norges E?S-rettslige og ?vrige folkerettslige forpliktelser. Samtidig stiller E?S-retten krav til nasjonale tolkningsprinsipper, og dermed ogs? til v?rt presumsjonsprinsipp. Under fagfrokosten vil Stian ?by Johansen dr?fte kravene E?S-retten stiller til presumsjonsprinsippet og gj?re rede for prinsippets innhold med utgangspunkt i en kommende artikkel.

• Johansen, Stian ?by (2026). Ekspert om Jagland-etterforskningen: ¨C? Vanskelig for ?kokrim. [Internet]. Verdens Gang (VG.no). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  ?kokrim har startet etterforskning mot tidligere statsminister Thorbj?rn Jagland. Flere eksperter mener de har en vanskelig jobb foran seg.

• Johansen, Stian ?by (2026). Maduro tiltalt i USA: ¨C Saken kommer til ? versere i ?revis. [Journal]. Verdens Gang (VG). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Amerikanske domstoler vil trolig se bort fra at rettsprosessen mot Venezuelas president Maduro strider mot folkeretten. Jurist sp?r mange ?r med dragkamp i domstolene.

• Johansen, Stian ?by (2026). Straffeprosess og europarett. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sunde, J?rn ?yrehagen (2026). Eit lyttande hjarta. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sunde, J?rn ?yrehagen (2026). Norge, Castilla og Sicilia p? 1200-tallet ¨C forbindelser i lov, kultur og tro. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Iversen, Astrid & Myklebust, Trude (2025). Financial Derivatives Litigation in Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kristian, Fauchald, Ole & Sandra, Opoku, (2026). Balancing Legal Obligation and Developmental Ambitions: Conditional Export Bans in Africas Critical Minerals Sector. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Redse, Johansen, Sigrid & Elin, Blusi, (2026). Demystifying ¡®Meaningful Human Control:¡¯ Human Control and Judgment in Autonomous Weapon Systems under International Humanitarian Law. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Despite decades of discussion on autonomous weapon systems (AWS), there is no consensus on the degree of human control that must be implemented in such weapons to comply with international law. The term ¡®meaningful human control¡¯ (MHC) has been widely used to refer to such a threshold, but the term is not legally binding, and its attributes remain unclear. Through identifying the common elements of MHC and comparing them to equivalent obligations in international law, one finds that ¡®human control¡¯ is approached differently in international humanitarian law (IHL), which impacts MHC¡¯s practical scope. This paper finds that the elements of MHC ? duration of use, environment, operator awareness, and reliability and predictability ? encompass an interconnected system of requirements which in some instances extend beyond what is practically feasible and legally required by IHL. While existing IHL centers human judgment and upholds the balance between humanitarian concerns and military advantage, certain definitions of MHC rule out the use of existing conventional weapons through stringent intervention requirements and a lack of cohesion within operational and technical perspectives. MHC appears to enjoy some form of legitimacy among international actors, as several states treat its underlying aim as a principle ¡®accepted as law¡¯ due to its reflection in IHL. The legal, operational and technical challenges of MHC nevertheless impede on state interest in adopting the specific term. These challenges suggest that ¡®control¡¯ and ¡®judgment¡¯ may be viewed as separate elements, and that the term ¡®context-appropriate human judgment and control¡¯ (CA-HJ&C) as coined by certain states is useful in differentiating these dimensions of human control. In applying this terminology to AWS, one can pinpoint the areas related to control and judgment respectively, and locate potential solutions for implementing adequate human control and judgment, such as human-machine teaming paired with value sensitive design.

• Fl?ysvik., Nordrum, Jon Christian & S?nnesyn., Berg, Kristin (2026). Free Elections in the Age of AI: Norway¡¯s Positive Obligations under International Law to Protect the Right to Free Elections Amid Emerging Technologies and AI-enabled Electoral Influence. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This thesis examines whether Norway fulfils its positive obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) Additional Protocol No. 1 Article 3 (P1-3) to protect the right to free elections in the context of technological developments and undue AI-enabled electoral influence. It explores whether there is legal basis for a dynamic interpretation of this obligation in light of a changed information landscape and new European regulations such as the AI Act and the Digital Services Act (DSA). Recent jurisprudence from the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Bradshaw and others v. the UK affirms that the state has a positive obligation to protect voters from undue influence. However, the content of this obligation remains unclear, and the state has a wide margin of appreciation regarding what positive measures to implement. What matters is whether the legal framework, taken as a whole, ensures that the elections ¡°ensure the free expression of the opinion of the people¡±, pursuant to Article P1-3. The analysis finds that Norway¡¯s legal framework, anchored in the Constitution, the Election Act and sector-specific legislation, generally meets international standards for protecting the right to free elections. However, certain vulnerabilities remain, particularly during the campaign period, where safeguards against covert influence and widespread disinformation campaigns are limited. While forthcoming EU regulations will strengthen the Norwegian framework, further legislative measures may be required to address challenges related to political advertising, the funding of political campaigns and the spread of disinformation.

• Johann, Ruben Leiss, & Anastasia, Kluge, (2026). Necessary or Redundant? Human Rights Safeguards in the UN Cybercrime Convention Is the explicit inclusion of human rights safeguards in non-human rights treaties, such as the UN Cybercrime Convention, legally necessary under international law? Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nicola, Strain, & Sarah, Stenner, (2026). Paris Expectations Article 2(1)(c) of the Paris Agreement and the redefining of Legitimate Expectations in International Investment Law. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Juan-Pablo, P¨¦rez-Le¨®n-Acevedo, & Lina, Madani, (2025). Unilateral Economic Sanctions and International Human Rights Law. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ruben, Leiss, Johann & Fares, Albattoura, (2025). The Legal Limits of Diplomatic Sanctions under Public International Law. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Abstract This thesis analyses the legal boundaries of diplomatic sanctions under public international law, focusing on the framework established by the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961), the UN Charter, and the law of State responsibility. While diplomatic sanctions such as recalling ambassadors, declaring a diplomat¡¯s persona non grata, or downgrading or severing relations are often viewed as political tools, they operate within a clearly structured legal regime. Using a doctrinal legal method complemented by a contextual analysis of state practice and relevant international jurisprudence, the study identifies the point at which diplomatic sanctions shift from lawful exercises of sovereign discretion to unlawful coercion or intervention. Through a comparative examination of three recent case studies, the coordinated expulsions of Russian diplomats (2018), the diplomatic responses to Russia¡¯s invasion of Ukraine (2022), and China¡¯s downgrading of relations with Lithuania (2021). The analysis shows how contemporary state practice confirms, tests, and sometimes challenges established legal boundaries. The findings indicate that diplomatic sanctions are generally lawful as acts of retorsion; may, in exceptional circumstances, qualify as countermeasures when the requirements of ARSIWA (necessity, proportionality, reversibility, and procedure) are met; and become unlawful when they constitute coercive interference or breach inviolability obligations. Moreover, recent coordinated state practice suggests the emergence of a nascent customary norm supporting the legitimacy of non-forcible diplomatic responses to serious violations of international law. Ultimately, the thesis concludes that the legality of diplomatic sanctions depends not on their form but on their purpose, effects, and respect for protective obligations. This demonstrates how international law continues to balance sovereign discretion with normative restraint, preserving diplomacy as a stable and legally regulated means of interstate communication.

• Juan-Pablo, P¨¦rez-Le¨®n-Acevedo, & Maria, Taranko, (2025). Lex Lata or Lex Ferenda? - Potential Obligations of Private Transnational Social Media Corporations under International Law for the Prevention of Direct and Public Incitement to Genocide Application of A Critical Legal Analysis Through TWAIL Theory. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnerud, Mia Andersen (2025). What does the concept of due diligence as a standard of conduct entail within a context of climate change? Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Due diligence is a significant concept within international environmental law. It is the standard of care with which a primary norm or obligation needs to be implemented. The primary norm can be customary norm or a treaty-based norm and is not limited to the principle of harm prevention. Due diligence serves as a normative benchmark for State conduct, ensuring that States take urgent, effective and efficient measures to mitigate climate change. In this thesis, due diligence is analysed in the Paris Agreement, customary international law, and the law of the sea. Due to the urgency of the climate crisis and the risk of irreversible harm, the standard of due diligence must be stringent.

• Hammerseth, Sandra Stamm (2025). The Ljubljana-The Hague Convention: Challenges of including substantive provisions in a procedural treaty. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nilssen, Ingrid Nerem (2025). Constructing Justice: The Theory and Practice of the 'Interests of Justice' Provision in Article 53 of the Rome Statute for the International Criminal Court. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Coenders, Floris Rudolf Frederique M (2025). Artificial intelligence and targeting under international law: a comparative case study of the 2021 and 2023 military operations in the Gaza Strip. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This thesis examines the lawfulness of the Israeli Defense Force's (IDF) use of artificial intelligence (AI) systems during the 2021 and 2023 military operations in Gaza. The research question focuses on whether the IDF's reliance on AI systems for targeting purposes complies with international humanitarian law (IHL). The methodology includes a legal analysis of IHL rules and a comparative case study of the two military operations. Key findings indicate that while AI systems like the Gospel and Lavender can be lawful if used appropriately, the alleged Where's Daddy system is likely to breach IHL due to its systematic targeting of family homes. The thesis underscores the importance of human control in AI-enabled warfare and highlights the impact of conflict classification on the lawfulness of AI use.

• Maekelae, Roope Erik Mikael (2025). Europe and the Geopolitical Threats to Its Energy Security - Are Current International Legal Responses Sufficient? Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Moe, Sofie (2025). Balancing security against radicalization and the protection of human rights. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brittan, Elizabeth Charlotte (2025). Does the Paris Agreement Crediting Mechanism Establish an Effective and Sustainable International Carbon Market? Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  As the world faces an escalating climate crisis, the Paris Agreement Crediting Mechanism (PACM) offers a promising solution in the form of an emerging international carbon market. This thesis explores the framework of PACM, established under Article 6.4 of the 2015 Paris Agreement, to assess its potential in creating an effective and sustainable carbon market. This research comes at an exciting time with recent regulatory updates from COP 29 in Baku, PACM is nearing operationalisation after a decade of development. This research undertakes a rigorous analysis of PACM's regulatory framework, contrasting it with its predecessor, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), to discover its advancements and challenges. The study focuses on key criteria of environmental integrity, sustainable development, transparency, and market accessibility to determine the likely effectiveness and sustainability of this market. Ultimately, this study posits that while PACM may not constitute a universal remedy, it represents a critical advancement in the global endeavour to mitigate climate change. By fostering genuine additional mitigation efforts and prioritising sustainable development, PACM holds the potential to significantly contribute to the objectives of the Paris Agreement. However, its success will depend on the collective commitment of the international community to support and refine this innovative market mechanism.

• Alme, Kristin (2025). The Value of Recognizing Gender Apartheid as a Crime Against Humanity - A Feminist Analysis. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Focusing on Afghanistan as a case study, this thesis explores the applicability of the term "gender apartheid" to describe the Taliban's institutionalized system of gender-based oppression, identifies an accountability gap in international law for addressing gender-based crimes, and explores the value of codifying gender apartheid in the forthcoming Crimes Against Humanity Convention. This thesis situates gender apartheid within the broader context of gender-based discrimination and violence. Exploring the historical and legal evolution of apartheid, it applies a feminist lens to highlight parallels between systems of racial and gender-based oppression. It critiques the limitations of existing frameworks in addressing gender-based crimes and argues that codifying gender apartheid would complement these frameworks. This thesis further emphasizes the symbolic and practical significance of recognizing gender apartheid, particularly in stigmatizing such systems of oppression, promoting accountability, and empowering affected groups, such as Afghan women, girls, and LGBTQI+ persons, in their pursuit of justice. This thesis underscores the urgent need for the international community to address the paradox in international law, which condemns racial apartheid yet fails to extend similar recognition to systems of institutionalized gender oppression. Codifying gender apartheid in the Crimes Against Humanity Convention would not only strengthen international law but also serve as a mobilizing tool to pressure regimes like the Taliban and preemptively create accountability for future systems of institutionalized gender-based oppression.

• Pashaeva, Nariat Magomedmasarovna (2025). The scope of ¡®self-judgment¡¯ in Article XXI(b)(iii) in the GATT. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Gonzales, Carizza Joy Yap (2025). Combatting Terrorist Financing with Soft Law: Analyzing the FATF Recommendations on Terrorist Financing and the Countering Financing of Terrorism in the Philippine context. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sheridan, Olivia Francisca (2025). Enforcing Sustainability in the EU Textile Sector: A Legal Analysis of the Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation, and its Departure from Previous Frameworks. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Azab, Yazan (2025). Hate Speech and International Criminal Law in the Age of Social Media: The Prosecution of Online Hate Speech as the Crime Against Humanity of Persecution in the Context of the ICC, Facebook and Myanmar. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Hate speech and its dissemination through various forms of media have historically played a crucial role in the commission of core international crimes. International criminal law has tackled this issue through landmark cases in Nuremberg's International Military Tribunal, the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. However, the advent and proliferation of the use of social media has led to new avenues to commit violations of international criminal law through state-sponsored disinformation campaigns. This novel and decentralised form of media, therefore, poses new and unadjudicated legal challenges in the realm of international criminal law. This thesis examines the legal challenges and developments associated with prosecuting online hate speech as a crime against humanity of persecution. The analysis will focus on the possible International Criminal Court case against Min Aung Hlaing and his alleged commission of the crime against humanity of persecution. The alleged hate speech spread on Facebook both by Hlaing himself and through covert military campaigns of disinformation will be analyzed through previous caselaw and current approaches to the Rome Statute.

• Veder, Beatrijs Martha (2025). Why Should we care? A study on the legal protection of migrant domestic workers in the Netherlands through a Marxist-feminist lens. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tangen, Martinius Enzell (2025). Causation in Climate Change Litigation: A Bottom-Up, Comparative Approach. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Cetinkaya, Suad (2025). Tax Carve-Out Clauses in International Investment Agreements: Balancing Sovereignty and Investor Protection. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This thesis analyses the treatment of taxation measures under international investment agreements (IIAs), with a particular focus on the functionality and effectiveness of tax carve-out clauses. It examines the interpretation of these clauses by tribunals in investment arbitration, reflecting notable cases such as EnCana v. Ecuador, Burlington v. Ecuador, and Yukos v. Russia. The study identifies the legal threshold at which tax measures may be considered expropriation, the conditions under which tribunals may override carve-out protections, and the role of proportionality, intent, and public purpose in this assessment. Findings suggest that tax carve-out clauses are generally effective in preserving fiscal autonomy, but they are not absolute; measures that are discriminatory, disproportionate, or enacted in bad faith may still breach treaty protections. The thesis concludes with practical recommendations for treaty writers and legislators to improve clarity, predictability, and balance between protecting investors and respecting sovereign rights.

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